No Man Is An Island Scottish Culture

No Man Is An Island Scotch CultureThis essay allow break see this motion and discuss the idea that no man is an island. The phrase no man is an island means that e rattlingone is influenced by the world around them no person has arrive independence and freedom. This idea will be explored in relation to Scotland. The phrase will be no Scotland is an Island. Scotland everyplace the years has had many challenges to its place, space and identity, and these will be explored through looking at Scotlands history, its economy, its politics, its culture and how it is today. The idea of nationalism and Scotch nationalism in particular, and whether nationalism is a good thing will be examined. The question of whether Scotland should be independent will be investigated. Scotland has struggled for years to be an island in its let right the whole nationalist feeling and demand for independence is a want to be their own Island. Has Scotland got this or is it still struggling with its nati onalist views and identity?What is Nationalism?Nationalism is difficult to define as there are so many different views on what it is. It is closely linked to the identity of a country and how a country promotes themselves. Nationalism is similarly a collective and shared feeling about a place. Nationalism is a itinerary of showing pride towards your country (Smith, 1991). However there is an billet to suggest that nationalism is policy-making and something that the government uses to show the rest of the world what set abouts their country special. One definition of political nationalism isthe fighting(a) solidarity of a classify who share a common culture or history or history and who seek to give this common experience a political naturalism whether by means of self government or some some other(a) kind of political recognition if not autonomy (Phillip cited in Mitchinson, 1980).Nationalism is an active movement from a group that collectively share the same culture and history and want to preserve that culture and history through a political party. This is similar to why the Scots National company (SNP) was set up and this will be looked at in more detail later. In Scotland there are different extremes of nationalism there is the aggressive form of where great deal think Scotland should be an all frugal country with no one else from other countries and there are the hoi polloi who try and preserve what is left of Scots culture and history. The second form of nationalism squirt be defined as Pseudo-Nationalism (Smith, 1991). Jim Silars, a former Labour MP, when describing Scottish Nationalism expressI see a nation as formed by people with a shared historical experience whose customs, practices, social mores, culture, patterns of thought and attitudes form a human group which is quite a distinct part of humanity. When that nation can identify issues and perceive that its members have interest in them and when that nation asserts its right to decide its own attitudes to issues then we have a basic nationalism (Silars, 1986).This is very similar to Isobel Lindsay, a member of the SNP, view of nationalism as a countrys national identity and ability to rule on its own (SNP). She considered that the sharing of creator is important so that everyone has a fair say (SNP). The government is more socialist in its views because it looks after the less fortunate (SNP). The idea that the current way of running the country cannot continue and that Scotland should look at a more European structure (SNP) (Murison, 2003). This is a more political view of Nationalism and how it is utilise practically in running a country. Scotland has lost touch with some of these values because of its ties with EnglandIn terms of No man is an Island, when a country has pissed nationalism they are saying that they are an island. It does not mean that they are really an island but metaphorically they should be viewed as a country in their own right a nd not politically attached or influenced by any other country.Scottish HistoryScotland has a vast and well attested history much of which consisted of attempting to ward off continual attacks from England. England was always invading Scotland and claiming it as its own. The wars with England were known as the Wars of Independence. After the death of King Alexander collar in 1286, Scotland was plunged into uncertainty whilst a new heir was chosen (Lang, 2005). Eventually, with the aid of King Edward I of England, John Balliol was selected in 1292, but his was not to be a peaceful find (Lang, 2005). Refusing aid in Englands war with France, Balliol attracted the wrath of Edward and the two kingdoms descended into a conflict that would endure for more than 40 years (Lang, 2005). England was exercising a degree of hegemony in its pursuit of Scotland. This was a challenge to Scotlands space and place. England wanted to expand.Many Scottish people died for their freedom and amongst the se was William Wallace. Wallace, who led the Scottish rebellion against Edward I, inflicted a famous defeat on the English army at Stirling Bridge (Murison, 2003). However, English judges read a list of charges against Wallace and then tortured and punish him (Murison, 2003). Robert the Bruce had himself crowned King of Scotland in 1306 and defeated the English forces, firearm Edward I died onward he managed to launch another campaign in Scotland (Lang, 2005). His successor, Edward II, was not competent to precede his fathers policy and Robert the Bruce consolidated his position in Scotland (Murison, 2003). After deposition and assassination of Edward II in 1327 Robert invaded northern England and the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328 that recognized Scottish independence and him as its king was signed (Lang, 2005) (McCracken-Flesher, 2007). Scotland had its independence from England and was an Island and a country in its own right again.In 1707 Scotland was starting to ha ve economic problems due to harvest failure and problems with colonization so needed to unify with England (McCracken-Flesher, 2007). However, there was a divide in Scotland as some people were still very bitter towards the English and wondered if unification was a good thing. Conversely, the political powers saw it as an advantage economically. England wanted to bring Scotland back under control. The Scottish sevens was dissolved and Scottish representatives were sent to Westminster instead (McCracken-Flesher, 2007). The two countries were to have common economic politics and common tariff barriers. Scotland was to maintain its own Kirk, legislation and precept system (McCracken-Flesher, 2007) (Brown, 2010). Scotland had lost its Island. thither are still areas in Scotland that are bitter towards the English. This is where a lot of Scottish Nationalistic feeling stems from as their ancestors fought elusive for Scottish freedom and independence. People feel Scotland should go bac k to being what it was alike(p) onwards 1707 it should go back to being an Island.What is Scottish Identity tartan, shortbread, haggis and whisky this is stereotypical of what Scotland is known for. It raises the question of whether an individual can give themselves an identity or whether it is what others gives to the individual? Scotland is known worldwide for its Identity. Tourists come to Scotland with certain expectations of what it should be like and in a way people have given Scotland its identity.Scottish Identity is what get alongs Scotland and its people Scottish. There are a lot of factors that come into it such as language, food, behaviour, heritage, clothes, culture and traditions.Tartan is a symbol of Scottish Identity.The earliest example of tartan dates from the third century AD (Brown, 2010). A two biased check, named the Falkirk tartan, was found near the Roman Antonine wall (Brown, 2010). Tartan has become the main symbol of Scottish culture and an emblem of Scottish descent (Brown, 2010). The first tartans were sincere checks coloured by vegetable dyes found in the various districts of Scotland, the colours signifying a geographical base (Brown, 2010). The clans were recognised by regional shades caused by the diversity in weaving techniques. After Bonnie Prince Charlies defeat at Culloden in 1746, the wearing of the kilt was banned and the Gaelic language discouraged (Brown, 2010). Anyone caught wearing tartan or playing the bagpipes could be sent to jail for six months (Brown, 2010). This was oppressing Scottish Identity. The use of tartan and Scotlands traditional way of animateness was lost.There was an upsurge in the Highland craze after Sir Walter Scott stage-managed the Royal visit of George IV to Scotland in 1822 (Brown, 2010). The king arrived wearing a kilt. Tartan became even more popular during the reign of Queen Victoria when commercialisation as well ask feature and tartan mania rolled on (Brown, 2010). Back then we aring tartan was a way of life for Scots but now they only wear it for special occasions such as weddings. Every Scottish family have their own tartan which is brought down from generation to generation these tartans stretch back from the Scottish clans. Tartan is a symbol of Scottish Nationalism people wear tartan with pride for Scotland. Tartan is recognised worldwide.Scottish education left enlightening about Scotland out. Scottish history was British history, and British history usually meant English history. Scotland does have its own education system but there is very little taught about Scottish history so kids cant develop nationalistic views or make up their own mind about the future of Scotland. People dont trust children with big issues as they dont feel they will understand them.Scotlands traditional language is Gaelic which was one of the languages highlanders spoke. There are very few people who speak the language nowadays as not a lot of people teach it (Ferguson, 19 98). The people who do speak it are in rural places or in highland areas. Scotland is also a more multicultural country so English is the language that most people understand. The Scots have made the English that they speak their own (Ferguson, 1998). They have retained a high per centum of vocabulary derived from Old Norse and Anglo-Saxon, and they speak with a lilt. Indeed (Ferguson, 1998), Scots is an actual language all on its own. However it was frowned upon in schools (Ferguson, 1998). Scots Gaelic, a language in its own right, was all but eliminated less than 2% of Scottish people speak Gaelic today (Ferguson, 1998). There are numerous attempts to keep it alive, and the BBC as well as ITV offer segments of Gaelic programming for Scotland, where it survives mostly in the nether regions of the highlands and islands (Ferguson, 1998) (Anderson, 1997). There is little efficacy in utterance Gaelic nowadays.Scottish culture and identity is very important to Scottish nationalistic feeling. People want to keep the old traditions and way of living alive. There has been a lot of struggle over the years especially with tartan and their language.Scottish EconomyScotlands main industry was heavy industry such as construction (Anderson, 1997). The essential industry had been in great demand during the post-war period, but as Europe slowly recovered from the lingering impacts of war, old competitors became active again, while the need for heavy industry continued to diminish (Anderson, 1997). Unemployment in Scotland rose steadily, having doubled the number of jobless labourers by the beginning of the 1960s a angle of inclination which continued in spite of attempts of bringing new industry to Scotland (Anderson, 1997)However in the 1960s oil was discovered in the North Sea which is find just off the coast of Scotland (Russell, 2005). Aberdeen became the centre of Britains North Sea oil industry, with many oil terminals such as that of Sullom Voe on Shetland and F lotta on Orkney and at Cruden bespeak and St Cyrus on the north east coast of Scotland, being built to support the North Sea oil industry (Russell, 2005). However Scotland could not reap the rewards economically from this as while Scotland was part of the United Kingdom it had no control over royalties and revenue and it thus could not be used to benefit of Scotland economically (Russell, 2005).This strengthened the nationalist ideals and the fact Scotland should go independent because they would be able to learn full advantage of the oil reserve and survive economically on their own. However, Labour claims that the oil is not sustainable and Scotland would not survive economically (GUNN, 2010). The oil is also a valuable resource for the United Kingdom so going independent would mean they lose out on that resource.The Scots were not inclined to favour home rule or nationalism, but whether they did so or not, their attitudes were determined not by economic but by other issues. Wha tever the reality of an economic case for nationalism in Scotland before 1914, none was imagined (Mitchinson, 1980).Scotland economy provides a strong argument for independence. However does not give Scotland its national feeling, nationalism comes more from other factors. Nationalism is more about Scotlands Identity rather than its economy. Scotland can sustain its Space, Place and Identity through its economy though for a good few years.Scottish National Party (SNP)The SNP is a democratic left-of-centre political party committed to Scottish independence. It aims to create a just, caring and enterprising society in the mainstream of modem Europe by psychotherapeutic Scotlands full potential as an independent nation (Independent, 2011). The leader of the SNP is Alex Salmond (Independent, 2011). At the 2007 local elections, the SNP won 363 council seats of 1,224 (doubling its 2003 total of 181 councilors), making them the largest group in Scottish local government. (Independant, 201 1) The party has been at the forefront of the campaign for Scottish self-determination for almost seventy years (Independant, 2011). The evolution of the SNP has been paralleled by the political evolution of Scotland herself from an almost totally unionist country to a nation on the brink of independence (Independant, 2011).The Scottish people have invested a lot in their sevens but there is a growing realisation that, although devolution was a job worth doing, it is a job half done. The SNP ideology is to restore Scottish fantan and return Scotland to the normal status of an independent country. Independence means Scotland will have a direct voice in Europe and the world(prenominal) community, and the power to tackle Scotlands social and economic problems by making Scotlands wealth work for Scotlands people (Independant, 2011).The SNP have a very nationalist view. The leader of the SNP Alex Salmond said There is not an anti-English bone in my body. I have forgotten more about En glish history than most Tory MPs ever versed (Bentley, 2009)The leader and the party are very passionate for independence and pass their passion on to the people of Scotland. In the current economic climate people are more supportive of them because they are growing tired of other parties and having to suffer the same policies as England. The SNP want to take Scotland back to what it was like before the 1707 unification. They believe Scotland should be able to make all decisions itself and govern itself. However some people still think Scottish economy is too crank and people also like the idea of a United Kingdom. . Lindsay saysThe Scottish National Party declares its unshakeable belief in Scotlands destiny as a European nation and reaffirms its belief that the best course for Scotland to take lies in Independence in Europe (SNP)The SNP think Scotland should be an island and not be influence by England. The issue for independence has cropped up again as the 2011 Scottish Election s saw the SNP win by an outstanding majority they won 69 seats in the Scottish Parliament which means they can push for an independence referendum (BBC, 2011). Scotland will be able to decide whether it will be a country in its own right or will still be part of the United Kingdom. It finally gets to decide whether it is an Island or if it is not.Scottish ParliamentThe first Scottish Parliament arose during the early thirteenth century, and its first meeting was at Kirkliston in 1235 in the reign of Alexander II (McCracken-Flesher, 2007). However due to economic problems the parliament was unified with England in1707 (McCracken-Flesher, 2007). Since then Scotland had been governed by Westminster but more recently there has been a lot of nationalistic feeling in Scotland thanks to the SNP. As the Scotland Parliament Scotlands Right report saidThe longing of the people of Scotland for their own Parliament rings clear and true every time opinion is sounded. We believe that the moment um for change is now too great to deny and that a Scottish Parliament will soon be meeting for the first time in nearly three centuries (SCC, 1995).In September 1997, a referendum of the Scottish electorate secured a majority in favour of the establishment of a new devolved Scottish Parliament, with tax-varying powers, in Edinburgh (McCracken-Flesher, 2007). The new Scottish Parliament met at the Church of Scotland General Assembly rooms until 2004 when they got given their own building called Holyrood (McCracken-Flesher, 2007).This gave Scotland more control over domestic issues that affect their people. This was a great turning point for Scotland (McCracken-Flesher, 2007), However some people did not think it was enough and wanted more control over their decisions. The SNP keep pushing for more devolved powers to be given over to Scotland so it can take control of its own resources.In conclusion, Scotland as it stands today is not an island it still has nationalist views but is a long way from independence. Scotland has a vast history of standing against the English for independence from the wars of independence when many Scottish ancestors died which feeds a lot of the nationalist feeling in Scotland today. Scotland was a country in its own right prior to these wars. Scottish people today take pride in wearing tartan for special occasions but there was a time when it was suppressed. A lot of old Scottish yesteryear times that are a part of Scottish identity are dying out because of the unification with England such as the speaking of Gaelic. Scotlands economy could hold the key for Scotland becoming an Island in its own right as the oil could mean Scotland could survive on its own. However the United Kingdom relies on it too and people worry that it would run out. The SNP is Scotlands leading political party and keeps Scottish nationalism alive but also fights for Scotlands right for independence. However Scottish people are divided with those who want it and those who do not. Scotland has been given more power as under Tony Blair they got the Scottish Parliament back but only with devolved powers. Nationalism is important for a country to have as they can have pride in their country, heritage, culture and way of life and what makes their country unique. Scotland may not have independence yet but does it need it? Even if Scotland was to become independent it would still have to answer to the rest of the world. It is important to share the aspects that make Scotland great and for Scotland to be enriched by other countries. Scotlands culture will never fully return and Scotland will always be reliant on other people to keep whats left of it alive. Scotland is not an Island as no man is an Island but it does not have to be.

The freedom of cyberspace

The liberty of cyberspaceDiscuss how the meshing, in its guise as cyberspace, has allowed its users to operate in a cosmos that is seen by whatever slew as being a fresh realism of freedom and creative opportunities while others see it as a fling ground for businesses and smut.IntroductionIn this essay I shall discuss how the mesh, in its guise as cyberspace, has allowed its users to operate in a world that is seen by some plurality as being a new world of freedom and creative opportunities while others see it as a dumping ground for businesses and smut.I shall enfold what cyberspace is and how it came to be, examine the main arguments for it being labelled as a creative tool that introduces freedom to the world, investigate the criticisms of those who champion cyberspace and analyse how both(prenominal) sets of arguments relate to ideas some technology, society and culture. In my conclusion I hope to be able to offer an insight into whether cyberspace has developed into a mighty tool for creative freedom, or into a weapon in the arsenal of big business.CyberspaceThe term cyberspace was first used by science-fiction writer William Gibson in his 1984 novel Neuromancer. He described it is a futuristic computer network that people use by plugging their minds into it. This term now refers to the Internet and lends a quixotic image to a world where an almost limitless pool of cultivation piece of tail be plucked from a network of computers and computer users around the world.The Internet was originally developed for the US military further was recognised as the perfect system to transfer and share information for academic research. The World immense sack up was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, with the first working system deployed in 1990, while he was working at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research). The knowledgeability of the World considerable Web allowed the public to access huge amounts of data and it has now start an accepted way to receive and send information. The World widely Web is just bingle service that the Internet provides a laymans analogy is of the Internet being the transportation of the World Wide Webs content. With cyberspace being do up of more than 100 million computers in more than 100 countries it is almost impossible to fathom how very much information there is available to the user.New Frontier Cyberspace has been able to offer its users and its contributors a bulky arena to play with. The rules and regulations of structured information providers much(prenominal) as the press do not apply to most of the content available online. This affords the Internet a creative freedom that has never before been seen. In an article in 2000, journalist Mary Flanagan stated that Technology allows us an surrogate space within which we place invent unique methods of telling stories, forming identities, and remembering. This alternate space that Flanagan refers to is typifies the roma ntic view of cyberspace it is a world in which a person can break free from the shackles of the everyday world and become someone different where they are able to enjoy the freedom of creating a new identity, a new work of art or even a conspiracy theory that they would not have imagined constructing in the real world. Sherry Turkle describes this as People who live parallel lives on the screen are but bound by the desires, pain and mortality of their physical selves. Virtual communities offer a dramatic new context in which to think about human beings identity in the age of the Internet In her introduction to the reader author Rosanne Alluquere Stone reveals that engaging in social intercourse by sum of communication technologies has given me increasing opportunities to watch others try on their own alternative personae there are some out at the margins who have eternally lived comfortably with the idea of floating identities, and inward from the margins there are a few who are beginning, just a bit, to question. This questioning hints at the notion that to a lower place a veil of secrecy the truth can be surfaced without retribution. Perhaps the most famous advocate of this was Oscar Wilde when he wrote Man is least himself when he dialogue in his own person. Give him a mask, and he will tell you the truth.In this new frontier the Internet user can find information on any subject they wish to. This information is not static like the printed words of a book base in a library, but it is organic, open, ubiquitous and creative. In the words of social commentator Annie Turner it has turned into the eighth wonder of the world because it has not been correct, because anyone can put up a website, because it can be all things to all people, because it has changed the way we work, are educated and play. The fact that content is not regulated attracts more people to it on a daily basis. These new users can then become contributors by simple interaction be it an acknowledgment of what they have read in a user forum (a dedicated area on the Internet where people can discuss any subject matter, originally called Bulletin Board Systems) to creating a tarnish new website dealing with the subject matter. This process demonstrates the organic structure of the Internet and how it has become such an fundamental source of information across the globe.The Internet allows freedom to share information and ideas. The vast abyss that is cyberspace can be explored by almost anyone who has access to a modem and a computer (and more deep this can also include mobile phones, televisions and even refrigerators) People can add their thoughts and ideas to the Internet and these can then be shared amongst a potbelly audience. This process of sharing ideas is the backbone of the Internet. One of the contributing reasons for the popularity of cyberspace is the freedom to share knowledge with others. This ideal has been argued against by groups that feel that the Internet should be regulated but a case for its defence can be traced back to the third US president Thomas Jefferson who wrote That ideas should be freely spread from one to another over the globe, for the moral and mutual instruction of man and improvement of his condition seems to have been peculiarly and benevolently designed by nature when she made them like fire, expansible over all space without lessening their density at any point, and, like the air, incapable of confinement or exclusive appropriation. Inventions, then, cannot in nature be a subject of property. This was write almost 200 years ago and is still poignant today. This freedom of information is the backbone of body politic (although it can be argued that this no longer exists in its truest from) and relates to the fluidity of the Internet.Another way in which cyberspace can be seen as a plan for creative expression is when it is used as a device to disclose information that would normally be guarded by pol itical parties. This ability to going information may be taken for granted in the West where tabloid headlines can seemingly uncover storylines that would be more suited in pulp fiction novels, but in suppressed countries such as Burma and China this medium has proved to be a tool to spread news show that would never allowed to be broadcast by its governments. It has been reported that China is the biggest abuser of Internet freedom. The government has censored several hundred thousand websites and, according to absolution International, has jailed 61 people accused of using the Internet to spread anti-Communist propaganda. An interesting fact is that Yahoo (an American-based Internet company) has adapted its search engine to interpenetrate out content unpalatable to the Chinese government subjects as inflammatory as Taiwan independence and democracy will not be entrap on a network supplied in China. In addition to this, Amnesty International has accused Microsoft, Sun Microsys tems, Cisco, Nortel and Websense of helping authorities track down people posting pro-democracy and other similarly subversive material online.CriticismsThe main criticisms of those who champion cyberspace are based on the content of what can be found online. Some argue that there are subjects that should not be disclosed to the population whilst others complain that the facts are diluted at best, and completely missing in some cases.In an article in the New Statesman, Andrew Brown reported that There are two general truths about attitudes to censoring the Internet. The first is that barely anyone admits to favouring it in principle. The second is that whoever you are, and however libertarian, it should never take more than five minutes at the keyboard to find something you believe should be removed from the net, and its perpetrators locked up in a criminal lunatic asylum. This view is hard to ignore as any Internet user can find themselves in a seraglio of unsuitable websites. Th ese sites could include pornography, neo-Nazism, torture, etc. However, the freedom of cyberspace protects these sites just as it protects the rights of suppressed citizens to air their comments. The content of a website should be approached in a indwelling manner and a liberal pinch of salt should be taken with each sentence.The most substantial argument against the freedom of cyberspace has always been about pornography. Pornography is the biggest generator of traffic on the Internet and the latest trend of providing pornography direct to a mobile phone has witnessed commercial breaks on some mainstream digital television channels flooded with semi-naked women selling images directly to the customer. This saturation has thrown up the argument that the freedom the internet potentially brings is more chthonian threat from some grasping commercial companies who provide access to it than governments who seek to control that access. This threat from big business shows a shift in abi lity over how business and the Internet work in conjunction with each other. It was suggested by Manuel Castells only three years ago that It would not be grotesque to say that the Internet transformed business as much, if not more, than business transformed the Internet.It is not all about the simple exploitation of bodies that has brought objections to the way that the Internet works. Because there are no real rules or regulations to conform to there will always be content that is considered to be so inaccurate that if it was released in the national press there would be an immediate libel case. This lack of quality control can hinder the savviest Internet user when a believe source has included information that may have been gathered from a secondary, unreliable source. Such an inclusion will therefore render that piece as being factually incorrect. This modern take of Chinese Whispers has infected a large percentage of information to be found in cyberspace and as such its oppo nents views of it being an inappropriate use of knowledge can be appreciated, and their calls to regulate its content empathised with.Technology, Society CultureThe technology that is now available to the public has cock-a-hoop in a remarkable way since the early 1990s and this has allowed access to the Internet for the masses (but it has still to reach the Third World nations). Castells realised the linkup between technological break through with(predicate)s and the Internet when he wrote that The culture of the Internet is a culture made up of technocratic belief in the progress of humans through technology A exploitation concern, and one that has developed over the last twenty years, is that it is the younger generation that have accepted this technology and it is they who can amply appreciate the choice on offer. The establishment, such as governments, are mainly run by people over the age of fifty. Their grasp of new technology is repeatedly outdated and the fear of losing touch with the youth is highlighted by the need to own a website in an attempt to speak the same nomenclature. However, this language is updated on a daily basis and miscommunication can lead to a lack of understanding on both sides. In an attempt to stop this from mishap it is not impossible to see governments, or leading businesses, curbing the development of technology to have more control over its destination.Society therefore drives the world of cyberspace. It appears in its current state because that is how it has been formed by its users. The information that is available has been posted into the realms of the Internet by people like us, for people like us. Castells writes that technical systems are socially produced. Social production is ethnicly informed. The Internet is no exception. The culture of the producers of the Internet shaped the medium. This cultural development affords the Internet to continue growing with any facet available to those who want it. It has all owed for an intellectual, utopian culture where it is up to the individual to determine what they want to see and what they choose to ignore. This is a culture in society which can grow intellectually, but only if it recognises that not all they read is true. It therefore begs the question whether or not a society can blossom if a main source of information is not monitored to be accurate. Donna Haraway writes about the Network Theory,a theory proposed in the 1970s by the Nobel Prize-winning immunologist Niels Jerne. He hypothesised an immune system that was self-regulated. Edward Golub explains that the network theory Differs from other immunological thinking because it endows the immune system with the ability to regulate itself using only itself. This theory can be viewed within the structure of the Internet where the organic nature of cyberspace is continuously updated and added to by its own infrastructure its users and contributors.Conclusion The Internet is a vast and powerfu l tool and as such it is there to be used or abused by anyone with access. The arguments that the Internet should be regulated are important and should not be completely ignored. The power that some governments and big business corporations have over the flow of information is very real and this is something that should be examined closely. However, pick out certain aspects from cyberspace to be scrutinised will open a precedent for all content to be regulated. This could then lead to a contumely of power and the freedom of creative input could draw to a halt. Haraway expressed her concerns about this exploitation and the ways in which new technology can be hijacked for anti-social use The new communications technologies are fundamental to the eradication of public life for everyone. This facilitates the mushrooming of a permanent high-tech military establishment at the cultural and economic expense of most peopleIt is my belief that the ability to take on board information and de cide whether to accept it on your own terms is far more important to personal and social development than being told what you can or cannot digest. As such I believe that the World Wide Web, the Internet, cyberspace, or whatever moniker it falls under does constitute a new world of freedom and creative opportunities and the fact that it is not regulated by self-appointed censors should be applauded and defended. In the words of Rosanna Stone In the space between immense threat and immense promise lies the path to our adventure at the dawn of the practical(prenominal) age, the adventure which belongs to our time and which is ours alone.BibliographyBrown, Andrew (1999) The Limits of Freedom Censoring the Internet and Offensive Internet Sites New Statesman (12 February 1999 Issue)Burton, Graeme (2002) More than Meets the Eye (Third Edition) Arnold PublishingCastells, Manuel (2002) The Internet Galaxy Reflections on the Internet, fear and Society Oxford University Press Clark, Rober t (2005) Time to Curb Net Censorship Support Telecom Asia (January 2005 Issue)Curran, James (2000) Mass Media and Society Arnold Publishing Danson, Lawrence (1998) Wildes Intentions The Artist in His Criticism Clarendon Press Flanagan, Mary (2000) Navigating the Narrative in Space Gender and Spatiality in Virtual Worlds Art Journal (Fall Issue 2000)Golub, Edward S. (1987) Immunology A synthetic thinking Sunderland Haraway, Donna J. (1991) Simians, Cyborgs and Women The Reinvention of Nature Free Association Books McCullagh, Ciaran (2002) Media Power PalgraveStone, Rosanne Alluquere (1996) The War of Desire and Technology at the Close of the Mechanical Age Cambridge MIT Turkle, Sherry (1996) Life on the Screen individualism in the Age of the Internet Weidenfeld Nicolson Turner, Annie (2002) Censorship and the Internet Just Where is the Real Threat to Internet Freedom Coming From? Communicate Magazine (June 2002 Issue)Letter addressed to Isaac McPherson written on 13 August 1813 fro m Thomas Jefferson

Students Performance In Rural And Urban Areas Education Essay

Students Performance In Rural And Urban Areas Education EssayNowadays, knowledge is the most key aspect in society development. School has to play a major mapping in ensuring the successful of the development. As for students, they need to score entire skills and keep up to be proactive with an appropriate futuristic set of encephalon. Besides that, students argon also need to be active in co curriculum activity along with high academic achievement. The l adopting environments also defecate major roles to play in learning and the area where the students lives evoke regularise their surgical process in their studies. Reasons for the variations in achievement are geographic location, resources, handiness of engineering and also the tincture of teachers. These studies want to investigate the differences amidst students effect in country and urban areas. This purpose is to determine whether learning environment or living area is one of the agentive roles that contri excl usivelye to their impoverished performance. Students performance is their achievements in their studies whether they gain low or high performance. Urban area relates to the area that are surrounding by cities and it is well populate areas compared to cracker-barrel area which is sparsely populated areas and it commonly farmland or country areas.The learning environments also have major roles to play in learning not only of social studies but of other disciplines in the school curriculumTopic of Interest The Differences between Students Performance in Rural and Urban AreasPurpose of study 1) To investigate the differences between students performances in agrarian andurban areas.2) To discuss the factors of low performance among students in rural area.3) To find ways to address the achievement rupture differences between ruraland urban students.DISCUSSIONTHE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN agrarian AND URBAN AREASRecent educational research has examined rural and ur ban differences in their achievement. Many educators, researchers, legislators and the cosmopolitan public believe that students from rural schools mostly receive an education that is inferior compared to the students that live in urban areas. Students background also impact on their performance where we can see that many of the students that lives in rural areas has low academic achievement when we compared it with the students that lives in urban areas. There are many factors that cause to the gap performance between students in rural and urban areas. Students in urban schools turn back many excess compared to students in rural schools. The National Education tie beam said that the low performing youth are in public rural schools (Brown Swanson, 2001).The excellent performance of urban students is because of their bump quality in their education, availability of the information that they get from various sources corresponding mass media and electronic media, their educated f amilies and peers groups which help them for better performance. They have many advantages and facilities in their education compared to rural students. Students in rural areas less exposed to the outside world and also lack of knowledge close to the currents issues that happen.Education is proving to be effective instrument that can take to task students self-belief, forethought, self-esteem and self-efficacy. Students that lives in undeveloped village must try to attain the best education for them and do not make their living environment as one of the factors that be a barrier in their success. We also can see that students in rural areas are much less likely to earn a college degree than students of urban areas. The disparity is highest in rural areas where only 8 percent of rural residents over age 25 have a college degree, compared with 16 percent of the residents in urban areas (U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1999). So from these, we can clarify that, there is a gap of performa nce between students that live in rural and urban areas due to some factors.FACTORS OF LOW PERFORMANCE AMONG STUDENTS IN RURAL AREASThere are many factors that contribute to the differences of performance between students in rural and urban areas.Family FactorAt the rural areas, family is one of the factors that determine their child performance. In this study, students in rural areas have low performance compared to students in urban areas because it is relate to their parents education. Majority of parents in rural areas are less educated than parents in urban areas. The family background is the most important and weighty factor in determining the academic performance of learners (Adell, 2002 91). Survey found that, rural students felt no pressure to attain good performance when their parents expectations towards education were low. enatic encouragement has a positive influence towards their child performance and at rural areas most of parents did not cope about their child acad emic performance. approximately experts believe that parent expectations is the most influential factor affecting youth decisions to pursue education (Esterman Hedlund, 1995 Smith, Beaulieu, Seraphine, 1995).Low Socio-economic FactorThe students background relate to the low socioeconomic factor of their family also one of the factor that effect their performance in education. Most of the students that live in rural areas come from low income family. Their parents cannot provide them comme il faut educational resources at home. Compared to students at urban areas, the majority of them come from high income families and their parents are afford to sent them to their tuition classes in order to get better performance. Urban students also can buy additional books for their references while for the rural students, they non-exposure to educational resources and it depart affect their performance compared to those who have access to such resources. Students who have access to more res ources are advantage compared to those from poor families because they can know more about the latest developments around them thus can assist them to reform their performance at schools.Lack of Facilities and ResourcesEducation promotes human capital as an asset that has greater or lower rates of return depend on the quality of education that is provided. Some of the factors that contributing to the poor performance are lack or resources and poor facilities in most schools especially in rural areas. Some of schools in rural areas are dilapidated compared to those in urban areas. The difficulty regarding unequal distribution of resources between provinces, rural and urban areas are so far intact (Motala Pampalis, 200156). Several schools in rural areas do not have laboratories and this situation means that students learn science by rote learning. Facilities are important in order to make the teaching and learning process more effective. Students that live in rural areas result less expose to the using of technology because the facilities that were provided for them are not sufficient. This will make their learning process will be less effective and they will have less knowledge about current issues as well as how to use technology. Students in urban areas have many advantages in their learning process and with the advent of technology it will make easier for their study. They will more understanding with their learning with the facilities provided.Less Qualified TeachersTeacher is the important role in order to create good performance students. Most of the teacher did not want to posting in rural area because they think it will bring difficulty to them. So, the majority of teachers that were sent to the rural areas are the new teachers that have less experience in teaching. Awoniyi (1981) remarked that there is a direct relationship between the quality of teaching personnel and the quality of education process. Most of them did not master the teaching tec hnique yet because they are still new in teaching area. When we compared to students in urban areas they usually have a teachers that have good communications skills in English. Most of teachers compete for placement in urban schools. So, rural school will have inadequate teacher and it will make their learning progress disturbed and not running properly.WAYS TO ADDRESS THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN STUDENTSIn order to overcome the differences performance between students in rural and urban areas, several ways should be taken.The Role of judicatureGovernment has to play a role in improving educational outcomes for rural students. Government should provide enough facilities to the schools that located in rural areas aforesaid(prenominal) as the urban schools. Besides that, government also must provide a financial support to the students that lives in rural areas where we know that most of them come from low income families and not affordable to gain a bett er education and services. Facilities that were provided must be fair and equal treatment should be conductn to rural schools same like urban schools. In addition, best educators also should be placed in rural schools because they can help students to improve their performance. Good teachers will elicit good students. Most important is government should ensure that teachers are adequately qualified to teach the subject that allocated for them and they can do their work properly. Education part also should visit all schools to establish and verify their needs to ensure that resources are allocated in line with their needs and status.Role of ParentsWhile the teachers play their role at school, parents should play their roles at home. Although parents in rural areas have no education, they can help their children performance in terms of giving them moral supports and indigence to learn. Even they cannot help in terms of provide resources to learn, they can give a support to their ch ild to study hard to change the fate of their family. Parents should suck how important of education to their child and their future. Parents can always ask their child about their learning progress and accompanied them during doing their work. They also must always care about their child performance and monitor their progress.The Role of TeachersThe teacher is an important force in school learning. Teachers also one of the sources that can help in overcomes the problem of low performance among rural students. Teachers can help in encouraging the students to study hard and help them to complete most of their work at school during study time, where students can ask teachers if they do not understand about the lesson. If they are doing work at home, nobody can help them since their parents dexterity not be able to assist because most of parents in rural areas have less education. Teachers should encourage their students to participate in many activities because it will give them the opportunity to build their self-confident and positive self-esteem. Besides that, teacher also can create a caring and supportive environment where students will witness more comfortable during their learning. Good relationship between students and teacher also good in order to improve students performance where when teachers are close with the students, students will feel easy and not shy to ask anything that they do not understand.The Role as a StudentThe students itself should realize the importance of education in their future lives. If they want a better life in the future they must study hard to get a good performance. Usually students at rural area does not care about their education and most of them dropout from schooling. This is because they do not have motivation in their study and their parents also did not care about their performance. So in order to overcome the gap performance between students in rural and urban areas, rural students should set their mind that educa tion is important to change their lives. When they have a mindset that education is important, they will study hard in order to get a good achievement.CONCLUSIONThe study presented the differences of performances between students in rural and urban areas. Rural and urban schools are characterized by its unique strength and weaknesses. Rural and urban schools are much the same when it comes to resources and learning environments (EQR, 2003, p.45). Yet there are many variables that affect students achievement and those variables are directly related to whether a school is considered a rural or an urban school. Some factors that contribute to the gap performances between students in these two areas were determined and also recommendations in order to overcome this problem were suggested. Although some recommendations have been highlighted, solutions might not be easy for them. The suggestions for improving the performance among rural students is that they must understand their environm ent properly, and maintain their inner resources like self-efficacy and self-esteem. From this study we can conclude that, there have differences between students performance in rural and urban schools. Students that lives in urban area will get high performance excel opportunities provided by their location. Urban students have greater access to many resources and therefore have opportunities that are not easily tender to rural students. Besides that urban parents were more professional and they realize the advantage of education. Parents of rural students were less likely to expect their children to advance their education. From the comparison of this study we can know what the differences between rural and urban schools are.

Essay --

The Segregation of ireIreland has a very conflicted history. Just when that history may seem to take a minute for the better, it seems that there is always another event to keep the trend of depression ongoing. The separation of the Protestant and Catholic Church would be the center of these events. However, the two dissimilar groups could potentially work together for the betterment of the nation. Through an analysis of why Protestants and Catholics split in the first place, disadvantages that Catholics would face in the coming years and withal how these disadvantages were lifted, an argument exit be developed in that there is perhaps the chance that they may end up working together in the future for the betterment of Ireland. Although these two groups would fight over the countless decades, they need to join into one entity if they wish to see a better future for Ireland.The traces of the split sack up be seen nearly five hundred years ago during the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century. During King henry VIIIs rule, Henry had wanted a divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, to marry Anne Boleyn. When the Pope would refuse to allow a divorce between Catherine and Henry, Henry would decide to start his hold church so that he could be in a position of power to proceed with the divorce. This church would become the Church of England. Through this radical live on away from the social norm, Henry VIII would be remembered as a man who would go to great lengths to get what he wanted. This break would also point the beginning of the Protestant Reformation across Europe. This event marks the first time that two groups are seen as a national friend and opponent recognition. As Bartlett notes, By the 1570s loyal and disloyal ... ...ehind leaders such as Wolf Tone, pledging their support in the form of the United Irishmen. dismantle though the 1798 Uprising would ultimately fail, this milestone in Irish history had the other citizens of Ireland that the Catholics were willing to lay aside their past differences for the betterment of their nation. This begs the question that will they continue to work together in the future. Based off the past evidence, Protestants and Catholics have little to lose in assisting each other and having Ireland progress into a nation that is one unified completely. What needs to happen though is that each side has to lay out the terms with no outside influence. There gage be no ambiguous statements surrounding these terms and officials have to free of bias, as much as a person can be, to effectively salve equal terms that ensure economic progress and religious tolerance.

Social Deviance Essay -- Sociology Behavior Society Deviant Essays

Social Deviance Social divergence is a term that refers to forms of expression and qualities of persons that others in society devalue and discredit. So what only is deviance? In this essay we are concerned with companionable deviance, not physiological deviations from the expected norm. In general, each behavior that does not conform to social norms is deviance that is behavior that violates signifi puket social norms and is disapproved of by a large number of people as a result. For societies to run with some semblance of enact the problem of deviance is essential and intrinsic to any conception of social order. It is problematic because it causes a disruption, but it is essential because it defines our boundaries as a society. It is intrinsic to a conception of order in that defining what is real and expected, defining what is acceptable, and defining who we are - always done in opposition to what is unreal, unexpected, unacceptable and who we are not. If we can accept the r eality of change, then designations of deviance are crucial in locating the shifting boundaries of our socially structured reality. (Erikson, 1964) What is perceived as deviate behavior is subject to change depending on our position, place and time. Different cultures have different levels of social order and apply, therefore making what can be seen as a deviant behavior in one culture highly acceptable in another. When we define someone or some group as deviant - we strengthen our own position and simplify our response to the other we can ignore, expunge, destroy, or rehabilitate them. We convince ourselves of our own normalcy by condemning and arbitrary those who disagree. Deviance is a phenomenon situated in power Winners are the good and the normal Losers are the sick, the crazy, and the evil. Deviance therefore exists in opposition to those who attempt to control it - to those who have power. (Phofl, 1994) Deviance is not a matter of the cost or consequences of a particular behavior, or the behavior itself. Deviance is a label apply to maintain the power, control, and position of a dominant group. It is a negotiated order. Deviance violates some groups assumptions about reality (social order). It violates expectations. The definition of deviance defines the threat and allows for containment and control of the threat. The definition of deviance preserv... ...one is given the label of a deviant in order to understand deviance itself. (Haralambos, Holborn, van Krieken, Smith, 1996) It seems that it can be concluded that deviant behavior cannot be seen to be based entirely on the individuals involved. It is a social problem, brought about by the differing views and values instilled in each culture and society. Amazonian Indians walk around without any clothing, to them this is not a deviant act, in modern western society this is indeed an act of great deviance and one might find themselves arrested for it. So depending on the state of social order and as sociated norms acts of deviance differ greatly. Reference ListBecker H. S., Outsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance, Free Press, New York, USA. Erikson K. T. 1964, Notes on the sociology of deviance, in The Other post Perspectives on Deviance, Free Press, New York, USA. Giddens A., 1997, Sociology 3rd edition, Polity Press, UK. Haralambos M. Holborn M. van Krieken R. & Smith P., 1996, Sociology- themes and perspectives, Longman, Melbourne, Australia. Phofl S. 1994, Images of Deviance and Social Control A Sociological History, McGraw-Hill, USA.

Pike Ted Hughes Essay -- English Literature

Pike Ted HughesChoose a poem you studied recently which challenges the reader to viewsomething well-known(prenominal) in a new and thought provoking way.PikeTed HughesStanzas one to four of the poem are there to describe the Pike, itsnature, what it looks like and its draw in nature as a predator.The poet, Ted Hughes, in writing this poem challenges the reader toview nature in a totally new view by exploring the power andviolence in it by using one animal in river life, the Pike, since thePike is the supreme species of fish in river life he uses it to fullextend to show the power and violence of nature. Hughes starts thepoem with Pike, three inches long, perfect using this as a start todescribing the Pike, he begins to build up the Pikes image as apredator, always being a predator with no change required throughevolution so using perfect as another way of saying that thepike was designed perfectly as a predator and will never conduct tochange as it will always remain supreme in its habitat. Pike in allparts, green tigering the gold the use of the word tigering bounteousa comparison of the Pike to the tiger, completely different creaturesbut in their own worlds they are just as deadly as each other, theTiger being supreme in the jungle just as the Pike is supreme in theriver. Killers from the egg using this Hughes re-enforces his pointof the Pike being innate(p) to killer, always meant to be a predator. Themalevolent aged grin the poet strongly uses malevolent to catch thereader and fully describe the evil that the Pike is designed for, evensince the moment of birth the Pikes features have already been agedwith the evil, menacing look, to show its potential fo... ...move, thestill splashes on he muddied pond. Assuming that the poet was on asmall boat owls hushing the floating woods he hears the owls in thewoods that seems to float as he sits on this boat, frail on my earagainst the dream just managing to hear the owls as the only noise -almost as if the owls hushing the rest of the woods to be silent,adding much fear to this trip just keeping him aware of this worldthat seems so much like a dream. Darkness beneath nights unfairnesshad freed this meaning the darkness of the water beneath the nightsdarkness and also the darkness of the Pike, as darkness is associatedwith evil, now moving freed under him, that rosiness slowly towards me,watching. The pike, the evil slowly rising towards him watching hisevery move, he makes it as if the pike seeing him as prey, slowlyapproaching him, ready to strike.

offensive language Essay -- essays research papers

Offensive LanguageThroughout the day, I find myself exposed to harsh language. Whether in at work or walking through the hallways at school, it is all around us. Later, as I accelerate through rush-hour traffic, I discover that I use these words as well, lashing out with dull verbal terms in the safety of my enclosed vehicle. I have used bad language before, but I do use it often. I have friends that cuss ein truth other word. However, I do not care for it much. It is not so much offensive, just bothersome. Whether your daily vocabulary consists of some(prenominal) cuss words or it is just the occasional shit in a fit of anger or pain, everyone is guilty of it. Who hasnt accidentally permit a word slip when they slam their finger in a door or stub their toe on the coffee table? Is this impressive, of rail line not. There used to be a day that when you said shit in public, it was like exploding a bomb in public people would get off silent, staring at you with half-angry open mou ths. Mothers would clap their hands over their childrens ears and push them away from you desperately trying to keep their kids form such language. alone today, weve fallen. Sure there are still a few people that cringe at the sound of vulgar language, but not many. In the 1970s, George Carlin delivered a monologue citing seven words that you could never dictate on network television. Now, these words are being used regularly on network television. You could say that propound words have lost their impact, or, you could argue that our language has become downright coarse, offensive, and rude. Where do Cuss words come from, and what do they really imagine? Originally it began as cursing. These are the words and phrases that you say in order to curse someone. It was some sort of supernatural or magical belief. Nowadays, people subsist that telling someone to Go to Hell will not actually curse them there, no matter how angrily it is said. The evolution of profanity continues to cha nge with each generation. Some cuss words have somehow maintained their original meanings throughout hundreds of years, while many others have solely changed meaning or plainly fallen out of use. The meaning behind a word is what makes it acceptable or unacceptable. Veterinarians use the word bitch on a regular basis, and cogitate nothing of it. The meaning of the word is female dog. It is a fine word to use in that profession, or... ... the disrespect we have for everything, and our lack of manners, but also a growing rage that we obviously dont know what to do with. Bad language is all over the media, informing in the attitudes of young people. It travel into our workplace and into our homes. We need to find a way to diffuse some of this rage, and find more constructive ways to express it. Words are very powerful and word usage is extremely important. Unfortunately, we are living in a society that seems to have forgotten the basics of language. Our growing tolerance of swear words is not a sign of progress, it is a sign of how we have lowered our standards. I am not saying that I am completely innocent. I do not cuss on a regular basis, but when I drop something heavy on my foot the expression diddlyshit It just doesnt seem to cut it. The fact that we even have words that are considered profane is silly. Words are words, and nothing more. They only represent to describe things. The words poop, crap, and shit all mean exactly the same thing. Why on earth is one of them incorrect to use and the others not? It may not make sense, but that is the way it is and it probably always will be.