Financing the Short Term Obligations of The Business Coursework

Financing the Short Term Obligations of The Business - Coursework Example Sources of short term finances available to a business 1. Trade credit – this is also referred as suppliers’ credit, ledger credit or open book account. It is needed when commercial purchases are not to be cleared immediately. In this case the company holds an accounts payable for the amount it owes to the suppliers while in turn running business on not paid for bills. Trade credit varies in length, type of customers and terms prevailing in a particular industry. However, the customer has to forego any discounts that would have been offered on prompt payment. The company can resolve to one month single statement bill or even the open book; this is where they have an extra ten days to clear the bill (Guerard, 2007, 108). 2. Bank loans – companies source for commercial loans from banks in order to meet or cover temporary gross working capital needs. The loan can either be secured or nonsecured. Secured loans have a lien against a company’s asset e.g. invento ry, outstanding receivables et cetera, or a pledge of credit, to back the loan. Unsecured loans are issued depending on creditworthiness of the business. The cost of the loan varies with its size and rates charged on the loan. However, a prime rate is used as a benchmark for these types of loans. Other methods used are revolving line where money is lent on a recurring basis; letters of credit where the bank guarantees by writing, the payment of a company’s overdraft for a given period of time and for specified amounts (Gitman, 2003, 24). 3. Open market commercial papers – these are negotiable notes with maturities from a range of one to nine months which are floated on the market by big corporations. Commercial paper dealers sell the issues to pension funds, smaller commercial banks, corporations, insurance companies to raise funds. The rates on commercial papers are however, below the prime rate for loans. The advantage to the company using commercial papers for borro wing funds is that the issue is widely distributed in the national market. This frees the company from relying on commercial banks. 4. Finance companies and factors – large commercial companies are deemed as the departmental stores of the financial world. These companies have subsidiaries or branches where they practice direct sales financing. They are in close contact with dealers of their merchandise therefore can offer goods to be paid for on installments. Their rates are much higher than commercial banks. Factoring arrangements are based on an advance of funds to a company by the factor against an assignment of trade receivables. An agreement is signed between the two companies to govern their relation. This is usually on a continuous basis depending on the terms applied by the two companies. Nonrecourse factoring allows the factor to buy the accounts of the company and takes up the losses thereto. However, in recourse factoring, the factor does not take up the loss on ba d accounts. Either case, factoring charges are based on a firms daily balance, general interest rate, specific factoring agreement and outstanding credit (Guerard, 2007, 115). Question two a) Financing Mark and spencer uses short term borrowings from banks and medium term notes to source for funds. Trade credit has been used for meeting financial obligations. Morrison on the other hand, has applied trade credits, borrowings from banks to source for short term funds. b) Liquidity ratios liquidity ratios for Mark & spencer Current Ratio = Total

Service Encounters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Service Encounters - Essay Example The industry has also attracted more investors leading to a high competition for the market for the services. The management of an organization is therefore charged with a responsibility of ensuring that they acquire and sustain a competitive advantage over the other competing organizations that provide similar services. To be able to achieve this, the management relies on their employees to provide the customers with the level of satisfaction that can make the customers develop good reputations for the organization (Connoley, n.d, p.5). In this regard, it will be the major role of the front-line officers in a service industry to ensure that there is a kind of rapport created between them and the customers at the first instant in order to retain the customers for a long time. One of the key issues to be addressed in the service industry is how the customers perceive the kind of service that they are given by the particular industry. This is primarily determined by the kind of ‘ dyadic’ interaction that occurs between the customers and the service providers (Bitner et al, 1990, p2). The service encounter and subsequent relationship developed between the customers and the front office service providers make the management of the organizations value the employees as one of the most valuable assets in the organization. Customers and the service personnel in service organizations The diverse expectations of the participants in a service industry makes social encounters complicated in a number of ways. Firstly, the employees that are delivering the service need to derive some level of job satisfaction in the way they perform their duties. There is also a need to satisfy the needs of the customers in the industry. This makes these two actors become important participants in the service industry (Solomon et al, 1985, p). The quality of services provided by a given organization may be pointed out by the customers. The complaints that are given by the custome rs concerning the quality of the services offered by an organization can help the management of the organization establish the cause of a given problem in the delivery process (Tax & Brown, 1998, p.2). There are different views on the quality of the services offered depending on the industry itself. For instance, in hotel industry, what can be considered as quality service is the peaceful stay that has been accorded to a given customer in a given hotel. The quality of a service then follows the perception that the customers have about it. It was observed that in hotel industry, ‘the expectations and the perceptions of the customers are crucial because they are involved in the performance of the service’ (Kusluvan, 2003, p.265). However, there are important factors that impede the inclusion of the customers in the service quality management by the organization. Each of the customers in a given hotel has some unique demands and want to be served in a manner that suits thi s individual demands (Kusluvan, 2003, p.265). The service providers are then charged with a difficult task of keeping a wide track of the different customer demands. Besides, unlike the production industries where the quality of the products can be measured against the original standards that had been established, the quality a service may not be specifically broken down to the individual tangible components. The perception of the custome

Dominos Pizza Essay Example for Free

Dominos Pizza Essay Domino’s Pizza experienced a decrease in revenue of 16. 3% from year-end 2005 through the year-end 2009. It is true that the economic recession was partly at blame. However, the enterprise suffered from a negative reputation in the marketplace. Domino’s Pizza delivered pizzas that did not quite meet the demands of consumer taste. Their costumers would use social media to protest the ill delivery of pizzas and terrible taste. In addition, consumers were now more educated about their eating habits and had a growing concern with diets that led to obesity. Moreover, these facts combined with competition including companies such as Pizza Hut and Papa John’s, posed a hostile environment for Domino’s Pizza. In order to overcome these pitfalls, Domino’s pizza not only introduced a new recipe but also launched one of the riskiest advertising campaigns to this day. The recipe was a reinvention of their pizza with new ingredients that improved flavor. The advertising campaign oh yes we did guaranteed customer satisfaction otherwise they would return their money and deliver another pizza free. Another aspect of this marvelous campaign was the use of real life costumers who participated in the making of the pizza in televised commercials. Here is a comparison between pre-2009 strategies with its new approach. And, some qualities that were engaged to implement the revised strategies. Pre-2009 ?Dominos was focused on producing pizza for as cheap as possible. ?Cost leader ?8. 35% of pizzas sold in U. S ?Second behind Pizza Hut 13. 7% ?Bad rep for poor quality pizza ?Worst tasting pizza in its industry ?Market share fell 2% from 2005-2009 Post 2009 ?â€Å"Oh Ye We Did Campaign†? Dominos renewed focus on â€Å" Better ingredients, Better Pizza† and a broader menu. ?Focused on improving taste of its pizza ?Added garlic and butter to crust ?Added new side dishes and desserts ?Match competitors taste ?Expanded overall product choices Leadership ?David Brandon – C. E. O ?Innovate products ?Expand brand scope ?Everything on the menu is heavily tested and demanded by our customer ?All menu items are integrated ?â€Å"Get the door, Its Dominos† – Industry leader in efficiency ?Gathered feedback from employees ?â€Å"whats up dominos? † ?â€Å"Lunch with Dave†? Brandon would learned a lot from his employees ?Unique leadership style ?Always looking to improve even when successful Domino’s sales distribution is both domestic and internationally. The company gets 53 percent of its sales domestically and 47 percent internationally. In 2010, domestic sales were $3. 3 billion and internationally it was $2. 95 billion. Not only did fiscal year 2010 revenues show a healthy return, but cost of sales decreased by 3. 25 percent between fiscal year 2008 and 2010. Domino’s showed a very big decrease in its sales because the consumers were concerned about the quality of the pizza that dominos offered compare to the other companies in the industry. 2005 was the peak of the company where it made the most net income, since then revenues have been declining. Revenue declines aside, due to interest, repurchasing of stock, and other financial implications, after a 65 percent fall from 2006 to 2007, net income increased over the last four years. Domino’s current strategy is working well in the sense of income and revenue wise. The Net income increase was $37. 9 million in 2007, $54. 0 million in 2008, $79. 8 million in 2009, and $87. 9 million in 2010, which is annual increases of 42. 5 percent, 47. 7 percent, and 10. 25 percent respectively. The result of the revenue increase also helped eliminate debt from 2007 to 2010 from when they took a big decrease in sales and popularity from 2006 to 2007. By 2010, Domino’s became the leading pizza company in the industry; it had higher revenue and a higher net income than the leading Papa Johns. On the other hand, Dominos is only leading in revenue because it has more locations than the other pizza stores do. Compared to Papa Johns in 2010, Dominos has 9300 stores worldwide, while Papa John’s has only half of that with 3,600 worldwide. Dominos generates $170,000 per store and Papa John’s generates $313,000 per store. Dominos needs to focus on creating more revenue per store so they can provide better value to their shareholders. Taking on a better strategic approach by introducing new items to the menu and increasing the quality of the pizza did help the company get back on track from when it took the fall in 2007. The most recent year 2014, revenues almost doubled than it did in 2013 with a revenue of 589 million in 2014 and 295 million in 2013. Dominos have increased over the last six years in revenues, net income, and Earnings Per Share. Based on these numbers, the company has executed a good strategic plan. We one of most important thing any food establishment should do listen to what their consumers want. They have look into what feedback their consumers are giving them and then have a quick response to consumer’s feedback. A food chain can have all the technology in the world but if they don’t know what their consumers want they will never grow.

McWill SCDMA Wireless Access Technology Computer Science Essay

McWill SCDMA Wireless Access Technology Computer Science Essay McWiLL is the most advanced broadband wireless solution provided by Beijing Xinwei Telecommunications Technology. The technology is based on SCDMA, and is known as Multicarrier Wireless information Local Loop (McWiLL). McWiLL combines SCDMAs traditional use in narrow-band voice and introduces a mobile broadband data service that ties into an IP-based core network. It is based on CS-OFDMA adaptive modulation, and uses dynamic channel allocation and smart antennas to enhance its throughput. SCDMA is a wireless access technology developed by Beijing Xinwei Telecom Technology Co., Ltd. The SCDMA air interface is a national wireless access standard in China. The SCDMA products contains a full suite of advanced wireless communication and networking technologies, such as smart antennas. The key technologies of SCDMA form the foundation of TD-SCDMA, an ITU Standard for 3G Wireless Communications. Earlier SCDMA products are narrowband products focusing on fixed and mobile voice applications. A new generation of SCDMA products are broadband products, Multicarrier Wireless Internet Local Loop (McWiLL), focusing on fixed and mobile voice and high speed data application. McWiLL has been deployed in several Chinese cities, including Guangzhou and Qingdao, where its been used for video, voice and data communication. McWiLL successfully served for 2008 Beijing Olympic Regatta, providing the high-definition, real-time mobile video services. Internationally it has been deployed in more than fifteen countries, such as USA, Cameroon, Nigeria, Ukraine, Malawi, and Mozambique. McWiLL is a TDD-based wireless access platform that combines SCDMA (synchronous CDMA), CS-OFDM (code spreading orthogonal frequency division multiple access), MIMO and smart antennas, as well as other wireless techniques such as adaptive modulation (up to QAM64), dynamic channel allocation and make-before-break handoff, to offer a high-speed data and voice services. All these features are designed to work with any IP core network and provide up to 15Mbps of data rate using 5MHz of spectrum. http://oksunpeng.blogspot.com/ In a way, McWiLL tries to incorporate all of todays wireless networking techniques into a single platform which is very possibly why it is almost impossible for a normal human to understand. McWiLL Base Station supports the following features: (a) Support up to 15Mbps net throughput with 5MHz bandwidth; (b) Support fixed and mobile, voice and data services; (c) Support up to 163dB link budget; (d) Support Make-before-Break handoff and L2 tunnel; (e) Support QoS and GoS features; (f) Support Over-the-Air upgrade; (g) Support low power consumption (150 Watt); (e) Support VLAN, PPPoE and penetration of private networks http://oksunpeng.blogspot.com/2009/03/what-is-mcwill.html McWill(Multi-carrier Wireless Information Local Loop) is a mobile broadband access system based on SCDMA technology platform. McWiLL Technology Smart Antennas Dynamic Channel Assignment Code Spread OFDMA (CS-OFDMA) Time Division Duplex (TDD) Efficient VoIP Technology Make-before-Break Baton Handoff Adaptive Modulation QoS GoS Security Fraud Protection McWiLL System Features Main Services ¼Ã… ¡Fixed, portable, mobile voice and data communications. Main Features ¼Ã… ¡BTS with 5MHz can support up to 15Mbps net throughput, each sector can support more than 300 simultaneous sessions, supporting high-speed mobility, handoff and roaming, N=1 frequency planning, and low latency. Product Characteristics: Support up to 100KM/H mobile speed Terminals are backward compatible Support efficient voice communications and low-bandwidth data. Support N=11 deployment. Products available in the following frequencies: 336-344MHz, 400-430MHz, 698-746MHz,1785MHz-1805MHz, 2150-2180MHz, 2525-2560MHz, 3300-3400MHz Characteristics of Chinese Rural Areas Challenges ¼Ã… ¡ Low subscriber density, large separation of villages, far away from urban areas Complicated environment (mountainous and hilly terrain) Poor facility (backhaul, power supply, etc.) Low income Current wireline/wireless communication systems cannot meet these challenges Low ARPU Less than $4/month in most areas Busty traffic High traffic especially in Chinese traditional holidays Asymmetric traffic More incoming calls than outgoing calls Little usage of value added services Unique Advantages of Deploying McWiLL Large coverage enables fewer cell sites which are expensive in developing countries, leading to much lower Capex and Opex. N=1 deployment enables a wide area network with as little as 5MHz spectrum, leading to much lower upfront investment on spectrum which is usually quite expensive. Products with a wide range of frequency allow an operator to choose the most cost effective spectrum to operate. Lower terminal cost and adequate data rates allow an operator to minimize the Opex and lower the entry barriers for a subscriber. Most McWiLL terminals can support both voice and data services. GSM/McWiLL dual mode handsets/PDAs allow an end user to enjoy 3G beyond performance of McWiLL data and cost effective voice without sacrificing easy access advantages of GSM. Summary of McWiLL Advantages Large coverage (up to 60Km) Smart antenna,400MHz frequency band Low cost Already large volume, cost effective architecture, SCDMA ASIC chipset, no royalty fees, low RD cost, low manufacture cost, multiple vendors due to SCDMA Alliance High capacity BTS capacity 24Mbps/10MHz ¼Ã…’supporting up to 8,000 voice subscribers One system fits all Via flexible configuration, one system can meet the requirements of different user groups (high-end and low-end), services (voice and data), and time (current and future). Product maturity and reliability 10 years RD, large scale deployment, redundancy architecture, long time operational networks, an experienced team of installation and customer support. Easy to install and maintenance Terminal zero install, easy-to-use tools for customer self debugging, remote access trouble shooting tools for support personnel. Abstract In this presentation, we will first give an introduction of popular wireless multiplex technologies such as WCDMA and OFDMA and then present our McWiLL technology which is an optimal integration of WCDMA and OFDMA technologies to effectively address the technical challenges of wireless broadband access, such as capacity, coverage, multipath fading, and intercell interference. In other words, McWiLL effectively avoids the major drawbacks of WCDMA and OFDMA and draws their advantages of both technologies. Unlike voice centric WCDMA or data centric OFDMA (WiMax), the McWiLL wireless broadband access system can efficiently combines both voice and data applications. Finally, we will provide brief introduction of McWiLL product roadmap and application. McWiLL Fits Chinese Rural Markets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Smart antenna and 400MHz frequency band allows the McWiLL systems to have large NLOS coverage (up to 60KM). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Multicarrier BTS can support up to 8,000 voice subscribers having sufficiently high capacity to support bursty traffic in rural applications. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cost effective architecture and SCDMA ASICs allow the McWiLL products to have sufficiently low cost per line ($60-80 overall cost per line including both terminal and infrastructure). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Zero install of McWiLL terminals and rich tools for self and remote troubleshooting make it very easy to deploy the McWiLL systems in rural areas. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 10 years RD, redundancy architecture and large-scale deployment (>2 million subscribers) make the McWiLL products mature and reliable enough to deploy in remote rural areas. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Integrated voice and data solutions can allow the McWiLL systems to meet both current and future service requirements of rural customers. My opinion Multicarrier Wireless Internet Local Loop (McWill) is developed by Beijing Xinwei Telecom Technology Co., Ltd. It is a wireless access technology which can cover for the very large area, its coverage can up to 60KM. Therefore it is very suitable for china because it is a big country. Its been used for video, voice and data communication and successfully served for 2008 Beijing Olympic. Even though McWill is very popular but it cannot be use for every country for example, Singapore. Singapore is a small country if using the technology of McWill, there will be a lot of wasted.

Sex and Death in A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams :: A Streetcar Named Desire Essays

It’s just a little after sun set as Blanche Dubois sets foot off a train in New Orleans. She is visiting her sister, Stella, & brother-in law, Stanley. Well she is actually moving in, because she has lost their family’s homestead, Belle Reve, and as well as her job, as a high school English teacher. Her husband shoots himself after she told him that he disgusted her, because he was homosexual. Blanche is so afraid of her past that she does her best to lead the life of an elegant lady and does her best to keep up appearances. She is an alcoholic, but tries to hide it from everyone. Blanche takes a liking to Stanley’s friend, Mitch. He evenly finds about her past and wants nothing more to do with her. Then Blanche wants Stella to leave Stanley and go with her to leave with a rich â€Å"man† named, Step Huntleigh, who turns out to someone she made up. Stanley rapes Blanche during the time Stella was at the hospital having their baby. She tells Stella about th e rape, but she does not believe her. Blanche becomes deeply disturbed, so they decide to put her in an insane asylum (Williams). Blanche Dubois is a mid-age high school English teacher. She is very naà ¯ve and thinks highly of herself. She has became very promiscuous since her husbands death, which she caused by telling him that he disgusted her because he is homosexual. She puts on the airs of a woman who has never known indignity, even though she has had many lovers and strong sexual urges. She was forced to leave Laurel, Mississippi because of her affair with a young student. Soon after Blanche arrives in New Orleans at the Kowalski apartment and eventually reveals that she is completely destitute. She avoids reality, preferring to live in her own imagination. As the play progresses, Blanche’s instability grows along with her misfortune. Stanley sees through Blanche and finds out the details of her past, destroying her relationship with his friend Mitch. Stanley also destroys what’s left of Blanche by raping her and then having her committed to an insane asylum (Williams). Stella Kowalski is Blanche’s younger sister, about twenty-five years old. Stella left Laurel, Mississippi in her late teens and moved to New Orleans. She then met and married Stanley Kowalski, who is lower-class, but she loves and cares for him dearly.

Vegetarian Ways Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Health Essays

Vegetarian Ways Today you've arrived here with questions. After you read this maybe you'll have the answers? Whether you're already a vegetarian or if you're only curious about vegetarians I hope you find this informative and maybe influential. Ihope to open your minds enough that you'll agree that we don't have to "kill to live". I hope to expose you to a lifestyle that doesn't promote violence or death. These are all the reasons you should need to convertyour lifestyle. I've been a practicing vegetarian for 2 years. A vegetarian is defined as someone who avoids all animal flesh, including fish and poultry. Vegetarians can be sub categorized: Those who avoid flesh but still indulge in animal products such ascheese, milk and eggs are referred to as ovo-lacto-vegetarians. People who reject all animal products are referred to as purevegetarians or vegans. Scientific research shows that ovo-lacto-vegetarians are healthier than meat eaters and vegans arehealthier than both. Now I'm going to present you with four reasons everyone should be a vegetarian. First the obvious ethical reasons, second the physiological reasons, third the health reasons and finally the most important reasons for our planet, the environmental impact of a meat based diet. First the ethical reasons to become a vegetarian. The ethical reasons were the first to occur to me when I began considering becoming a vegetarian. Why should any creature lose it's life to fill my stomach? Unfortunately most people don't associate the meat on their plate as having had life at one time. In some countries people eat meat of monkeys, dogs. cats, and even other people which is disgusting to us. But it's OK for us to kill cows, chickens, or fish cause they are different? At 20 weeks of age, 85 million pigs die for Americans to eat. Another 24 million die due to abuse before they reach slaughter age. Cows normally have a 25 year life span, but most only live to be 3-5 years old before dying to become hamburgers. More than 1 million calves a year are raised for veal. They spend a miserably short life of 16-18 weeks in a crate that's not big enough for them to even stand or move in. Not given any water or solid food, only deficient milk replacers, so they will stay white and tender. Since only female chickens lay eggs over 280 million male chicks are thrown into plastic bags and piled on each other to d... ...onsumption of beef over 300 million pounds of meat are imported annually from Central and South America. This economic incentive leads to these nations destroying more forests to create more pasture land. 55 square feet of tropical rainforest is destroyed to produce every quarter pound of rainforest beef. Each year over 1000 species are eliminated due to destruction of rainforests for grazing land. More than  ½ of all water used for all purposes in the U.S. is consumed in livestock production. It takes 25 gallons of water to produce 1 pound of wheat. It takes 5,000 gallons of water to produce 1 pound of California beef. 33% of all raw materialsconsumed are devoted to livestock production, while only 2% are used for a vegetarian based diet. A few famous vegetarians: Einstein, Plato, Newton, Ben Franklin, Ghandi, Bob Dylan, Bob Marley. All these people knew the answer to the question I began with. " NO you do not have to kill to live". A vegetarian diet meets all the RDA, without the guilt of murder while preserving our environment. Isn't that easy? Wow. It takes so little to do so much. Quoting Ghandi, "Why turn your body into a graveyard by devouring the flesh of other creatures?"

Language Experience

1. Write about your past formal or informal language learning experiences. Would you consider them effective or ineffective? Learning foreign languages is a real challenge to everyone and a lot of people have their own successful and unsuccessful experiences. As for me, I’d like to tell about a negative one because, unfortunately, I had it more than positive. I’ve been learning English since I was 10 years old. At first, it was at school. Those lessons left much to be desired. We had a middle-aged teacher who used to have favourite students and showed her attitude, inhibitions cast aside. We didn’t have speaking tasks at all. She gave us different texts and we read, translated and learnt them by heart. Sometimes we even didn’t understand what we were speaking about which made it more difficult to answer. She didn’t use any communicative approaches. What is more, we weren’t interested and motivated. At the age of 15 I nearly decided to give up learning it. Needless to say, it was a real shock to everyone when I announced my decision to enter Pedagogical University, the department of foreign languages. I was sure that I would learn it there. I had a private teacher to prepare for entrance exams. At that time I thought she gave me a lot knowledge, but being a teacher now I can judge those lessons as a waste of time and money. Frankly speaking, it was self-studying. I was given 5 unites of grammar to do at home. Nobody explained any rules to me and we just checked exercises. Fortunately, at university I had a lot of different teachers. Some of them tried to use communicative tasks, such as role plays. But it was still academic studying. Teachers didn’t need to motivate us as we all wanted to pass exams and get a diploma. However ridiculous it may seem, I learnt English at work, being teacher is the best way to study. If I need to know something, I try to teach my students and after preparations for lessons and loads of explanations to them I get to know a lot. So joining TESOL course is another opportunity to learn the language and ways of teaching . 2. Why do you think the CLT has gained popularity in the language classroom? Our understanding of the processes of second language learning has changed considerably in the last 30 years and CLT is partly a response to these changes in understanding. Earlier views of language learning focused primary on the mastery of grammatical competence. Language learning was viewed as a process of mechanical formation. Good habits are formed by having students produce correct sentences. Errors were to be avoided through controlled opportunities for production. In recent years language learning has been viewed from a very different perspective. Communicative teaching emphasis on â€Å"task-oriented, student-centered† language teaching practice, asked to show the life of the actual needs of the English language to simulate a variety of life contexts, emotional, and to provide students with comprehensive use of English language, for communication of opportunities, its focus is not only a language in the form, grammatical accuracy, more emphasis on the appropriateness of language use, feasibility, communication skills, as well as training students in communicative activities in the strain and problem-solving ability. There are advantages and disadvantages of this approach. The pros are: – Language is acquired through communication – CLT allows learners to use the target language in meaningful context – CLT can be adapted to any level The cons are: -Student may not see the value in learning English through group work, games, and activities. – CLT does not focus on error correction. – Students don’t feel challenged Taking everything into consideration, I should say that the good thing about the communicative approach is that it makes students speak the language even at a beginner level and they are usually enthusiastic about this. . How would you approach a class with true and false beginners? I got used to having mixed-ability classes and the mixture of false beginners (they have had some English training at some point in the past) and true beginners ( these are learners who have had no contact with English at all) is a common situation. I consider such cl asses a real advantage as it helps to avoid boring lessons and I always have some students to rely on. I try to pair a true beginner with a false one while doing some activities and it helps to create an interaction between students which means a student-centred style of teaching. There are some drawbacks, of course. The false ones are faster to do exercises so I need to provide them with extra work which means more careful preparation for the lesson. Another problem is a demotivation of both kinds of students. There are some classroom management techniques which can help to avoid it. I should say it is a widely-spread situation but it can be successfully solved by using different methods of teaching.